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Florida Firearms & Stand Your Ground: Pleadings & Practitioner Items

An introduction to owning, operating, and carrying a firearm in the state of Florida as well as self-defense in Florida when using a firearm.

Federal Procedure

Florida Rules

American Jurisprudence Pleading and Practice Forms Annotated

 

"Checklist of matters, among others, that should be alleged in a complaint, petition, or declaration seeking to state a cause of action for injury or death caused by the discharge of a weapon or firearm."

§  12. Complaint, petition, or declaration—Against manufacturer of firearm—By bystander injured in attempted robbery—Defective design allowing simple modification to automatic weapon
 
§  16. Answer—Defense—Contributory negligence—Plaintiff's improper use of ammunition or firearm
"Defendant alleges that plaintiff improperly used [the ammunition/a firearm] manufactured by defendant, in the following manner: [description of facts showing misuse of product], and that plaintiff's injuries are a direct and proximate result of defendant's own negligence rather than the negligence of defendant. Plaintiff's misuse of the [ammunition/firearm] was not a reasonably foreseeable use to which the [ammunition/firearm] would be put. As a result, plaintiff is barred from any recovery for any of the injuries or damages alleged in the complaint."
 

Jury Instructions - American Jurisprudence Pleading and Practice Forms Annotated

 
§  51. Instruction to jury—Standard of care imposed in firing of weapon
"You are instructed that if you find that an ordinarily prudent person would not have shot the gun, or would not have shot in the direction as did the defendant, where such person was faced with the same situation and knew what the defendant knew, or reasonably should have known, then you must find the defendant guilty of negligence."
 
§  52. Instruction to jury—Ordinary care in firing weapon as requiring extreme caution
"You are instructed that ordinary care in any particular case depends on what the circumstances are. Firing a gun is an extremely dangerous activity. Ordinary care while firing a gun demands that the person firing the gun must exercise extreme caution while so doing. If you find that the defendant did not use extreme caution, then you must find that the defendant was negligent."
 
§  53. Instruction to jury—Firearm as extraordinarily dangerous weapon—Extraordinary degree of care required
"You are instructed that a firearm is an extraordinarily dangerous weapon, and a person who handles such a weapon is bound to use extraordinary care to prevent injury to others, and is held to strict accountability for a want of such care."
 
§  54. Instruction to jury—Negligence as a matter of law in handling of firearm
"You are instructed that under the law of the State of [name of state] every person who aims any gun, pistol, revolver, or other firearm, whether loaded or not, at or toward any human being, is guilty of a misdemeanor. It is also unlawful for any person to unlawfully and without justification assault another person with an instrument likely to produce bodily harm. It follows, therefore, that any person who does any of the above acts is negligent as a matter of law unless justified in so doing. If you should determine from the evidence that the weapon used by the defendant in this case comes within the class of firearms mentioned above and that the defendant was not justified in pointing that firearm at the plaintiff for the purpose of self-defense, but then and there negligently and carelessly fired the gun at the plaintiff, with the bullet striking [him/her] with resulting injury, then the plaintiff is entitled to recover damages in this case."
 
§  55. Instruction to jury—Standard of care required of hunter—Burden of proof
"The plaintiff charges the defendant on two counts. In the first, the plaintiff alleges that [his/her] injuries arose by the defendant's shooting of the defendant's rifle voluntarily, carelessly, and negligently, without exercising the required degree of care and caution. In the second count, the plaintiff alleges that [his/her] injuries were caused not only by the carelessness and negligence of the defendant, but also by the intentional act of the defendant in shooting the defendant's gun at the time and place in question. The defendant denies these claims and says that [he/she] shot the rifle at a deer, taking proper aim at the animal; that the defendant had no knowledge that the plaintiff was in or about the area; that the defendant handled [his/her] rifle at all times in a careful and prudent manner and was without fault for the plaintiff's injuries."

Practice Materials

Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

Johnie E. LEWIS, Plaintiff, v. THE HOUSING AUTHORITY OF FERNANDINA BEACH, and Patricia Woody, in her official capacity as Executive Director of the Housing Authority of Fernandina Beach, Defendants., 2009 WL 6483893 (Fla.Cir.Ct.)
"This is an action under for declaratory relief pursuant to Chapter 86, Fla Stat as well as injunctive relief concerning the right of law abiding, responsible residents of public housing in Fernandina Beach, Florida, to keep firearms in their homes for self defense and other lawful purposes, as guaranteed by the United States Constitution and the Florida Constitution."

Complaint

Pamela GRUNOW, Individually, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Barry Grunow, Deceased, and as Next Friend and Natural Guardian of Samuel Grunow, a Minor, and Lee-Anne Grunow, a Minor, Plaintiff, v. VALOR CORPORATION OF FLORIDA, a Florida Corporation; Irving Mandel, d/b/a Hypoluxo Pawn Shop; Polly Powell, a/d/a Polly Ann Josey Whitefield, as Next Friend and Natural Guardian of Nathaniel Brazill, a Minor, Defendants., 2000 WL 34017075 (Fla.Cir.Ct.)


"This action arises out of the tragic shooting death of schoolteacher, BARRY GRUNOW, by a seventh-grade student, on May 26, 2000, in Lake Worth, Florida. This tragedy occurred because a firearm distributor and a firearm dealer sold a handgun that was unreasonably dangerous and lacked means to prevent an unauthorized person from using it, because a firearm owner negligently stored the gun where a juvenile could obtain access to it, and because a thirteen-year-old boy was able to easily use (operate) the gun."

Petition to Determine Immunity

"COMES NOW the Defendant, JAMES WONDER, by and through undersigned counsel, and pursuant to the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the United States Constitution, Article I, Section 9 of the Florida Constitution, Florida Statute, section 776.032, and in accordance with Rule 3.190(a) of the Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure, and hereby files this Motion to Declare Defendant Qualified for Immunity from Prosecution, and as grounds therefore would state as follows."
 
Complaint

"COME NOW, the Plaintiffs, RON DAVIS and LUCIA McBATH, individually and as Personal Representatives of the Estate of JORDAN DAVIS, deceased, by and through their undersigned attorney, and hereby file this complaint against Defendant, MICHAEL DUNN, an individual, hereinafter referred to as “DUNN,” and allege as follows."
 
Motion for Orders in Limine

"COMES NOW KATHERINE FERNANDEZ RUNDLE, State Attorney of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit of Florida, by and through the undersigned Assistant State Attorney, and moves this Honorable Court for orders in limine instructing the Attorney for the Defendant to refrain from making any direct or indirect mention whatsoever at trial before the jury of the matters hereinafter set forth, without first obtaining permission from the Court outside the presence and/or hearing of the jury, on the grounds that the said matters are incompetent, irrelevant, or immaterial to the issues involved herein, and will serve only to unfairly prejudice the jurors against the State."
 
Amended Motion for Post-Conviction Relief

"COMES NOW, the Defendant, Durell Sims, pro se, pursuant to Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure Rule 3.850, requesting this Honorable Court to vacate the convictions and sentences, grant a new trial, dismiss the charges and grant an evidentiary hearing in the above styled cause and offers the following in support thereof."

Florida Pleading & Practice Forms

 
 
As a general rule, the plaintiff must plead and prove that a defendant's negligence proximately caused plaintiff's injuries. An exception to this general rule has been recognized where defendants, who are jointly participating in an activity such as hunting, are each negligent towards the plaintiff and the negligence of one of the defendants causes injuries to plaintiff but plaintiff cannot prove which defendant's negligence caused the injuries. To avoid injustice, the burden of proof on the issue of causation is shifted to the defendants who may be held liable if they cannot prove that their negligence did not cause plaintiff's injuries.
 
 
One who supplies a chattel for the use of another who knows its exact character and condition is not entitled to assume that the other will use it safely if the supplier knows or has reason to know that the other is likely to use it dangerously, as where the other belongs to a class which is notoriously incompetent to use the chattel safely, or lacks the training and experience necessary for such use, nor is the supplier entitled to assume that the other will use it safely if the supplier knows that the other has on other occasions so acted that the supplier should realize that the chattel is likely to be dangerously used, or that the other, though otherwise capable of using the chattel safely, has a propensity or fixed purpose to misuse it. Foster v. Arthur, 519 So. 2d 1092 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1st Dist. 1988).
 
§ 22:33. Answer—Defense—Force used was necessary for self-protection

For a separate defense, defendant alleges that plaintiff first violently made an assault against and on the person of defendant. As a result, defendant necessarily defended [himself/herself], and the acts of force complained of were committed in the necessary protection of defendant's person.
 
§ 30:33. Complaint—By hunter—Against hunting companion—Negligent firing of firearm

Plaintiff, [name of plaintiff], sues defendant, [name of defendant], and alleges:
1. This is an action for damages for a sum within the jurisdictional limits of this court, to wit: [statement of jurisdictional amount].
2. At all times material, plaintiff resided at [address of plaintiff][name of city][name of county], Florida.
3. At all times material, defendant resided at [address of defendant][name of city][name of county], Florida.
4. On [date of incident], at approximately [time of incident], plaintiff and defendant were engaged in hunting together at [location of hunting activity] in the [name of county], State of Florida.
5. On that date, defendant was armed with a [make of weapon] [model of weapon], which was loaded with shells containing [size of shot] size shot.
6. On [date of incident], in the course of hunting, plaintiff proceeded up a hill which resulted in the placing of plaintiff and defendant at the points of a triangle.
7. Defendant's view of plaintiff was unobstructed and defendant knew, or with the exercise of reasonable care should have known, plaintiff's location, but defendant nevertheless negligently and carelessly shot at [type of wildlife] in plaintiff's direction.
8. As a direct and proximate result of defendant's negligence in firing in the direction of plaintiff as stated above, plaintiff suffered severe injuries.
Wherefore, plaintiff requests judgment against defendant for damages in a sum within the jurisdictional limits of this court, together with costs of suit, and such further relief as the court deems proper. [OPTIONAL: Plaintiff demands trial by jury in the above entitled action.]
Dated: [date of complaint].
 [Name of attorney for plaintiff]
Attorney for Plaintiff
[Name of law firm or other entity]
[Address of attorney for plaintiff]
[Telephone number]
[State bar number]
 
§ 30:34. Complaint—By representative of deceased child—For wrongful death—Loaded revolver accessible to child

Plaintiff, [name of plaintiff], sues defendant, [name of defendant], and alleges:

1. This is an action for damages for a sum within the jurisdictional limits of this court, to wit: [statement of jurisdictional amount].

2. Plaintiff is the duly acting and qualified administrator of the estate of [name of decedent], deceased, who at the time of death was a resident of [name of county], Florida. [Name of decedent], deceased, met [his/her] death on [date of death] in the place and manner alleged below. The beneficiaries of any recovery in this action, in addition to the estate of deceased, and their relationships to deceased are as follows: [list of names of beneficiaries] [statement of beneficiaries' relationships to decedent].

3. The place of the administration of the estate of plaintiff's decedent is [name of county], Florida.

4. At the time of plaintiff's decedent's death, plaintiff's decedent was a minor of the age of [number of years] years and resided with[his/her] parents at [address of plaintiff][name of city][name of county], Florida.

5. On [date of incident], plaintiff's decedent's [father/ mother] was employed by defendant to do certain [repair/[type of work]] work at defendant's residence located at [address of defendant][name of city][name of county], Florida.

6. It was the custom of plaintiff's decedent's [father/mother] to bring plaintiff's decedent with [him/her] when working on a job. Plaintiff's decedent's [father/mother] had taken [his/her] [son/daughter] to defendant's residence on other occasions with the knowledge and acquiescence of defendant.

7. Plaintiff's decedent accompanied [his/her] [father/mother] to defendant's residence on the above date, and defendant had full knowledge of the child's presence and acquiesced in such presence.

8. Defendant owned, maintained, and controlled on defendant's premises a loaded revolver, which defendant kept in a bedroom in an easily accessible location.

9. Defendant knew from past experience that there was a high probability that the visiting child would pass through the bedroom in order to reach defendant's bathroom while plaintiff's decedent's [father/mother] was engaged in [his/her] occupation.

10. Defendant knew, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have known, that a loaded revolver easily accessible to a [number of years]-year old child constituted a great hazard to the life of such child.

11. Defendant wrongfully and negligently failed to take reasonable precautions to protect plaintiff's decedent in that defendant neither warned plaintiff's decedent's [father/ mother] of the existence of the dangerous loaded revolver nor placed the revolver out of reach of the child.

12. On the above date, at [time of day], plaintiff's decedent entered defendant's house, with defendant's permission, to use the bathroom, and while passing through defendant's bedroom, found the loaded revolver and fired a bullet through [his/her] head, resulting in the child's instantaneous death.

13. Defendant's negligence in leaving a loaded revolver in open view in defendant's bedroom and within reach of plaintiff's decedent, without warning plaintiff's decedent's [father/mother] was a direct and proximate cause of the death of plaintiff's decedent.

14. As a direct and proximate result of the negligence of the defendant, the following statutory beneficiaries under Florida's Wrongful Death Act, Florida Statutes §§ 768.16 to 768.26 have sustained the damages alleged below:
[List of statutory beneficiaries] [list of damages which each statutory beneficiary is entitled to recover under FS §§ 768.16 et seq.]
Wherefore, plaintiff requests judgment against defendant for damages in a sum within the jurisdictional limits of this court, together with costs of suit, and such further relief as the court deems proper. [OPTIONAL: Plaintiff demands trial by jury in the above entitled action.]
Dated: [date of complaint].
 [Name of attorney for plaintiff]
Attorney for Plaintiff
[Name of law firm or other entity]
[Address of attorney for plaintiff]
[Telephone number]
[State bar number]
 
§ 94:34. Sworn motion to dismiss—Self-defense under the Florida “Stand Your Ground” statute

MOTION TO DISMISS
Defendant, [name of defendant], by and through undersigned counsel and pursuant to Rule 3.190(c)(4) of the Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure, moves this court to dismiss the [indictment/information] in the above-styled cause, and as grounds in support thereof says:

1. There are no material disputed facts and the undisputed facts do not establish a prima facie case of guilt against the defendant. The undisputed facts are as follows: [statement of facts].

2. After trial by jury, the defendant was found not guilty. This verdict indicated that the jury found that:

(a) The defendant did not initially provoke the use of force;

(b) The defendant reasonably believed that force was necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself;

(c) That the degree of force asserted toward the defendant was so great that he reasonably believed that he was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and had exhausted every reasonable means to escape the danger, other than using force likely to cause death or great bodily harm to his attacker;

(d) That in good faith, defendant indicated a willingness to cease the combat to his attacker, but that the attacker continued the use of force;

(e) Based upon appearances, defendant believed that the danger to him to be real; and

(f) That defendant was being attacked on his own residential premises and had no further duty to retreat;

3. In Florida, the defense of necessity allows a person to violate the criminal law in order to avoid a harmful result; it is designed for the case where the circumstances make it necessary for the accused to break the law.

4. Florida courts have equated the necessity defense with self-defense under § 776.012, Fla. Stat., and have stated that a defendant may act to prevent some “harm” even if the defendant's act otherwise would be unlawful.

5. Florida courts have applied the defense of necessity to a possession of a firearm case.

6. A Rule 3.190(c)(4) motion to dismiss may address a factual insufficiency concerning the crime charged, or it may address a valid defense to that charge.

7. In the case at bar, there are no material disputed facts and the undisputed facts do establish a valid defense.

WHEREFORE, the defendant, [name of defendant], prays for an order dismissing the charge herein.
I HEREBY CERTIFY that a copy of the foregoing has been furnished by hand delivery to [name of attorney], State Attorney, Office of the State Attorney, Attention [name of attorney], Assistant State Attorney, [address of attorney], this [date of delivery].
 [Name of attorney]
Attorney


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