"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."
The exclusionary rule was first applied to federal law in Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383 (1914), and was appled to the states via the 14th Amendment in Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961).
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation
Note: a right to indictment by Grand Jury has not been incorporated by the 14th amendment and thereofre does not apply to the states.
The Exclusionary Rule was first applied in the 5th Amendment Context in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). In this context applied to in-custodial interrogations, but it also can apply when a person is denied due process of law under the 5th or 14th Amendments.
"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence"
The exclusionary rule was first applied to the 6th Amendment in Massiah v. United States, 377 U.S. 201 (1964). In this context the rule is mainly applied when the state or federal government does not respect the defendent's right to council.
Being that the Exclusionary rule is a creature of the court, there is no major staute that has a bearing on its use federally. Therefore, in order to understand this rule students and practicioners must look to case law in order to have an understanding of the rule and how it works.
However, the Exclusionary Rule is based in the 3 amendments to the constitution so that will be our focus for this section!
Relevant state: constitutions, rules, and/or statutes that apply to or affect the Exclusionary Rule
Alabama - AL Const. Art. I, § 5; AL Const. Art. I, § 6, ARE Rule 404; AL R RCRP Rule 3.13; AL ST § 28-1-2
Alaska - AK Const. Art. 1, § 14; AK Const. Art. 1, § 9
Arizona - AZ Const. Art. 2, § 8; AR R REV Rule 103; A.R.S. § 13-3925
Arkansas - AR Const. Art. 2, § 15; AR Const. Art. 2, § 8; AR R RCRP Rule 13.2; AR R RCRP Rule 16.2
California - CA Const. Art. 1, § 13; CA PENAL § 629.72
Colorado - CO Const. Art. 2, § 7; CO ST § 16-3-308
Connecticut - CT Const. Art. 1, § 7; CT ST § 54-33f
Delaware - DE Const., Art. 1, § 6; DE Const., Art. 1, § 7; DE ST TI 11 § 2301
District of Columbia - DC CODE § 23-524
Florida – FL Const. Art 1 § 12 ; FL Const. Art. 1 § 16; FL ST RCRP Rule 3.190
Georgia - GA Const. Art. 1, §1; GA ST § 17-5-30
Hawaii - HI Const. Art. 1, § 7; HI Const. Art. 1, § 6; HI Const. Art. 1, § 14; HI ST § 712-1247; HI ST § 626-1, Rule 103
Idaho - ID Const. Art. I, § 17; ID Const. Art. I, § 13
Illinois - IL Const. Art. 1, § 6; IL ST CH 725 § 5/114-12; IL ST CH 720 § 5/14-5; IL ST CH 725 § 5/114-11
Indiana - IN Const. Art. 1, § 11; IN ST 35-37-4-5; IN ST 35-33.5-4-5
Iowa - IA Const. Art. 1, § 8; IA Const. Art. 1, § 9; IA R 2.12; IA R 2.70
Kansas - KS Const. B. of R. § 15; KS ST 22-3216; KS ST 60-403
Kentucky - KY Const. § 10; KY ST RCRP Rule 9.78
Louisiana - LA Const. Art. 1, § 5; LA Const. Art. 1, § 2; LA C.Cr.P. Art. 703
Maine - ME Const. Art. 1, § 5
Maryland - MD Const. Decl. of Rights, Art. 26; MD CRIM PROC § 1-203; MD R CR Rule 4-601
Massachusetts - MA Const. Pt. 1, Art. 14; - MA Const. Pt. 1, Art. 12; MA ST 123A § 14
Michigan - MI Const. Art. 1, § 11; MI Const. Art. 1, § 17; MI ST 28.433
Minnesota - MN Const. Art. 1, § 10; MN Const. Art. 1, § 7, MN ST § 626.21; MN ST § 198.33
Mississippi - MS Const. Art. 3, § 23; MS ST § 41-29-503
Missouri - MO Const. Art. 1, § 15; MO ST 542.296
Montana - MT Const. Art. 2, § 11; MT CONST Art. 2, § 10; MT R REV Rule 103; MT ST 46-13-302
Nebraska - NE Const. Art. I, § 7; NE ST § 27-103; NE ST § 84-914
Nevada - NV Const. Art. 1, § 18; NV Const. Art. 1, § 8; NV ST 179.085
New Hampshire - NH Const. Pt. 1, Art. 19; - NH Const. Pt. 1, Art. 15
New Jersey - NJ Const. Art. 1, § 7; NJ R EVID N.J.R.E. 402
New Mexico - NM Const. Art. 2, § 10; NM R REV Rule 11-103
New York - NY Const. Art. 1, § 12; NY Const. Art. 1, § 6; NY CRIM PRO § 710.20
North Carolina - NC Const. Art. I, § 20; NC ST § 15A-974; NC ST § 15A-231
North Dakota - ND Const. Art. 1, § 8; ND Const. Art. 1, § 12
Ohio - OH Const. Art. I, § 14; OH Const. Art. I, § 16; OH Const. Art. I, § 1; OH ST RCRP Rule 41
Oklahoma - OK Const. Art. 2, § 30; OK Const. Art. 2, § 20; OK Const. Art. 2, § 7; OK ST T. 22 § 1222; OK ST T. 12 § 2403
Oregon - OR Const. Art. I, § 9; OR Const. Art. I, § 11; OR ST § 136.432; OR ST § 40.155
Pennsylvania - PA Const. Art. 1, § 8; PA ST 35 P.S. § 780-166
Rhode Island - RI Const. Art. 1, § 6; RI Const. Art. 1, § 2, RI ST § 9-19-25
South Carolina- SC Const. Art. I, § 10; SC Const. Art. I, § 3
South Dakota - SD Const. Art. 6, § 11; SD Const. Art. 6, § 7
Tennessee - TN Const. Art. 1, § 7; TN Const. Art. 1, § 8, TN Const. Art. 1, § 9; TN ST § 40-6-108; TN R RCRP Rule 41
Texas- TX Const. Art. 1, § 9; TX Const. Art. 1, § 19; Texas C.C.P. Art. 38.23; TX CRIM PRO Art. 1.06
Utah - UT Const. Art. 1, § 14; UT Const. Art. 1, § 7; UT ST § 77-23a-7
Vermont - VT Const. CH I, Art. 11; VT Const. CH I, Art. 10; VT R REV Rule 402; VT ST T. 12 § 1662
Virginia - VA Const. Art. 1, § 10; VA Const. Art. 1, § 11; VA ST § 19.2-60; VA ST § 19.2-59
Washington - WA Const. Art. 1, § 7; WA Const. Art. 1, § 3; WA ST SUPER CT CR CrR 3.6
West Virginia - WV Const. Art. 3, § 6; WV Const. Art. 3, § 10, WV R FRCRP Rule 41; WV R RCRP Rule 41
Wisconsin - WI Const. Art. 1, § 11; WI Const. Art. 1, § 8; WI ST 904.02; WI ST 968.10
Wyoming- WY Const. Art. 1, § 4; WY Const. Art. 1, § 11
The rule does NOT apply to civil cases, including deportation hearings. INS v. Lopez-Mendoza, 468 U.S. 1032.
